SOĞUK SAVAŞ SONRASI ABD'NİN ULUSAL GÜVENLİK STRATEJİLERİ BÖLÜM 2

SOĞUK SAVAŞ SONRASI ABD'NİN ULUSAL GÜVENLİK STRATEJİLERİ BÖLÜM 2

George W. Bush döneminde yayınlanan 2002 ve 2006 yılı "Ulusal Güvenlik Stratejisi" belgeleri de önceki yıllardaki belgeler gibi, ABD'nin güvenliğine ilişkin tehdit algılamaları ve olası tehditlere karşı alınan, alınacak önlemler ve izlenecek politikalar konusunda geniş kapsamlı belgeler olmuşlardır.

George W. Bush'un ardından Ocak 2009'da Barack Obama ABD'nin yeni başkanı olmuştur. Obama yönetimi 2010 yılında ilk ulusal güvenlik stratejisini açıklamış, Obama yönetiminin dış politika ve güvenlik yaklaşımı önceliklerini içeren ABD'nin 2010 yılı Ulusal Güvenlik Strateji belgesinin,60 giriş kısmındaki ön sözde, Obama, 

"Önümüzdeki savaşlarda mücadele ederken, bunların ötesindeki ufukları görmeliyiz" demiş, ABD'nin gücü ve etkisinin temelini yeniden inşa eden bir ulusal yenilenme ve küresel liderlik stratejisinin takip edilmesinin gereğini vurgulamıştır.61 Askeri üstünlüğün muhafaza edilmesi gerektiği ve ABD'nin uzun mesafelerde büyük çaplı askeri operasyonlar planlayabilecek ve bunları  sürdürebilecek tek ülke olmaya devam ettiğinin belirtildiği belgede, "Ancak askeri gücümüzü aşırı kullandığımız ya da tamamlayıcı araçlara yatırım yapmadığımız, bunları devreye sokmadığımız ya da ortaklarla hareket etmediğimiz zaman, ordumuza aşırı yük biniyor, Amerikalılar da daha fazla yükü omuzlarında taşıyor ve ABD, dünya genelinde daha çok dar kapsamda askeri gücüyle tanımlanıyor" denilmiştir.62 "güvenlik", "refah", "değerler" ve "uluslararası düzen" olmak üzere dört ulusal çıkarın tanımlandığı belgede, nükleer silahların yayılmasının önlenmesinden, bölgesel çatışmalara, küresel ısınmadan salgın hastalıklara kadar birçok farklı alandaki güvenlik konularına ilişkin olarak, uluslararası diyalog ve karşılıklı işbirliği üzerinde durulmuştur.63 Güvenlik anlayışı çerçevesinde uluslararası işbirliğine, daha etkili güvenlik ortaklıklarına, uluslararası kuruluşların önemine ve uluslararası kuruluşlarla işbirliğine vurgu yapılmış, diplomasinin önemine dikkat çekilmiştir.64

ABD'nin Mayıs 2010’da açıklanan “Ulusal Güvenlik Stratejisi”nde diplomasiye yapılan vurgu ile ve stratejide öne sürülen görüşler bağlamında, Joseph Nye'ın sert ve yumuşak gücün "harmanlanması" olarak tanımladığı "akıllı güç" anlayışının,65 askeri ve ekonomik unsurların yanında "kültür", "değerler", "politikalar" gibi yumuşak güç unsurlarının66 da uluslararası sorunların çözümünde kullanılmasını öngören ulusal güvenlik stratejisine net bir biçimde yansıdığı söylenebilir.67

Joseph Nye tarafından "sert ve yumuşak gücün birleşimi",68 "harmanlanması",69 olarak tanımlanan "Akıllı Güç" stratejisine, George W. Bush'un başkanlığının ikinci döneminde ABD'de Stratejik ve Uluslararası Araştırmalar Merkezi, CSIS (Center for Strategic and International Studies) bünyesinde 2006 yılında oluşturulan tarafsız Akıllı Güç Komisyonu'nun
(Comission on Smart Power) hazırladığı "Daha Akıllı, Daha Güvenli Amerika" (A Smarter More Secure America) başlıklı raporda değinilmiş, ABD'nin askeri ve ekonomik güçlerine tamamlayıcı olarak, yumuşak gücüne daha fazla yatırım yapmasının küresel sorunlara karşı mücadelede bir temel oluşturabileceği belirtilmiş, gelecek yönetim için, sert ve yumuşak güçlerin "hünerli" bir şekilde birleştirilmesi olarak ifade edilen "akıllı güç" stratejisi önerilmiştir.70 

Raporda ABD'nin, akıllı güç stratejisi için, "İttifaklar, ortaklıklar ve kurumlar",
"küresel gelişme", "kamu diplomasisi", "ekonomik entegrasyon", "teknoloji ve yenilik" olmak üzere beş ayrı alana odaklanması gereği vurgulanmıştır.71

ABD'de Ocak 2009'da Barack Obama yönetiminin işbaşına gelmesi ile birlikte Başkan Obama'nın Dışişleri Bakanlığı görevine getirdiği Hillary Clinton, ABD Senato Dış İlişkiler Komitesi'nde Dışişleri Bakanlığı görevinin onay sürecine yönelik oturumda dış politika önceliklerini anlatmış, "akıllı güç"ün kullanılmasına vurgu yaparak, "akıllı gücü"; "askeri, siyasi, ekonomik, diplomatik, hukuki ve kültürel tüm araçlar içinden her durum için en uygun olanının veya bunların birleşiminin kullanılması" olarak tanımlamıştır.72 İlerleyen süreçte "akıllı güç", Dışişleri Bakanı Hillary Clinton'ın ABD'nin dış politikasına ilişkin söylemlerinde sıklıkla yer almıştır.73 Küresel işbirliği, daha geniş güvenlik ortaklıklarının geliştirilmesi ve diğer ülkelere kendilerini savunmada yardım edilmesi gibi konuların vurgulandığı, başarılı olabilmek için ise, Amerikan gücünün bütün unsurlarının birleştirilmesi, dengelen mesi ve ulusal güvenlik kapasitesinin 21.yüzyıla göre güncelleştirilmesi nin belirtildiği, ABD'nin 2010 yılı Ulusal Güvenlik Stratejisi'nde74 de sert ve yumuşak gücün birlikte kullanılmasını öngören "akıllı güç" stratejisinin içerdiği unsurlara75 vurgu yapılmıştır.


Sonuç

Günümüzde, çok kutupluluğa doğru evrilen dünyada süpergüç olma yolunda ilerleyen büyük güçlerin varlığına karşın hala uluslararası sistemin tek süpergücü olma konumunu koruduğu söylenebilecek olan ABD'nin ulusal güvenlik stratejileri, süreç içinde uluslararası sistemdeki değişimler paralelinde ABD'nin dünyayı nasıl algıladığı ve bu algılama ekseninde ABD'nin dış politikasına ilişkin amaç, amaçlarına ulaşmada kullanacağı araçlarını ve stratejilerinin biçimlenişini, yönelimlerini sunmaktadır. ABD'nin ulusal güvenlik strateji belgeleri, sadece ABD'yi ve ABD'nin güvenlik politikalarını değil, küresel perspektifli, dünyadaki gelişmeleri ve diğer ülkeleri de ele alan stratejilerdir. Bundan dolayı da sadece
ABD açısından değil, diğer ülkeler açısından da belgeler, ABD'nin dış politika vizyonuna, önceliklerine ilişkin çıkarımlar açısından önem taşımaktadır.

Soğuk Savaş sonrası dönemde süreç içinde uluslararası sistemde ortaya çıkan değişimler, ABD dış politikasına ve ulusal güvenlik stratejilerine de yansımış, uluslararası ortamdaki değişimler çerçevesinde değişen tehdit ve risk algılamaları na bağlı olarak güvenliğe ilişkin tedbirler ve stratejiler de uluslararası yapıdaki yeni parametrelere göre biçimlenmiştir. Değişen koşullar, beraberinde ABD'nin ulusal güvenlik stratejilerindeki tehdit ve güvenlik algısının da değişimini getirmiştir.

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42 A National Security Strategy for A New Century, May 1997, http://clinton2.nara.gov/WH/EOP/NSC/Strategy/,
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43 Joseph S. Nye, Jr, Amerikan Gücünün Paradoksu, Çev. Gürol Koca, Literatür Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 2003, s.5.
44 Joseph S. Nye, Jr. " The Velvet Hegemon", Foreign Policy, May/June 2003, p.74.
45 Faruk Sönmezoğlu, Uluslararası Politika ve Dış Politika Analizi, 5.Baskı, Der Yayınları, İstanbul, 2012, s.265.
46 Joseph S., Nye, Jr., "Get Smart", Foreign Affairs", Vol.88, Issue 4, July/August 2009, p.160-163; Joseph S.
Nye, Jr., "Smart Power", NPQ: New Perspectives Quarterly, Vol.26, Issue 2, Spring 2009, p.7.
47 Bill Clinton, "American Foreign Policy and the Democratic Ideal", Orbis, Vol.37, No.4, Fall 1993, p.653.
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51 The National Security Strategy Of The United States Of America, September 2002, The White House,
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52The National Security Strategy Of The United States Of America, September 2002, The White House,
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53 The National Security Strategy Of The United States Of America, September 2002, The White House,
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54 The National Security Strategy Of The United States Of America, September 2002, The White House,
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55 The National Security Strategy Of The United States Of America, September 2002, The White House,
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58 The National Security Strategy of the United States of America, The White House, March 2006,
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59 The National Security Strategy of the United States of America, The White House, March 2006,
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60 National Security Strategy, May 2010, The White House,
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61 National Security Strategy, May 2010, The White House,
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62 National Security Strategy, May 2010, The White House,
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63 National Security Strategy, May 2010, The White House,
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64 National Security Strategy, May 2010, The White House,
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65Joseph S. Nye, Jr., "Smart Power", Leadership Excellence, Vol.26, Issue 2, February 29, p.18.
66 Joseph S. Nye, Jr., "Smart Power", NPQ: New Perspectives Quarterly, Vol.26, Issue 2, Spring 2009, p.7;
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67 National Security Strategy, May 2010, The White House,
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68 Joseph S. Nye, Jr., "Smart Power", NPQ: New Perspectives Quarterly, Vol.26, Issue 2, Spring 2009, p.7.
69 Joseph S. Nye, Jr., "Smart Power", Leadership Excellence, Vol.26, Issue 2, February 29, p.18.
70 CSIS Commission On Smart Power: A Smarter, More Secure America,
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71 CSIS Commission On Smart Power: A Smarter, More Secure America, http://csis.org/publication/smartermore-
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72 "Nomination Hearing To Be Secretary of State", Washington, DC, January 13, 2009,
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73 "Foreign Policy Address at the Council on Foreign Relations", Speech, Hillary Rodham Clinton, July 15,
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74 National Security Strategy, May 2010, The White House,
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75 Joseph S. Nye, Jr., "Smart Power", NPQ: New Perspectives Quarterly, Vol.26, Issue 2, Spring 2009, p.7-9;
CSIS Commission On Smart Power: A Smarter, More Secure America,
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